ICPSR collects data in the social sciences, including criminal justice, education, and aging. You may download data files or analyze data online via the ICPSR's website.
First published in 1878, the Statistical Abstract is often the best first source for statistical information on the United States, from population information to information about education, health care, and per capita spending.
The United States Census is the primary source for information on the demographics of the United States. In addition to the dicennial census, the Census Bureau also conducts the annual American Community Survey.
270 to Win provides electoral maps for federal Presidential and Congressional elections. Historical information is available for Presidential elections back to 1796.
GeoHive collects population and geopolitical statistics for countries around the world, making it a useful first stop for basic information on countries other than the United States.